Tag: Math Olympiad

How to use Vectors and Carpet Theorem in Geometry 1?

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Post date October 29, 2020
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Here is a video solution for a Problem based on using Vectors and Carpet Theorem in Geometry 1? This problem is helpful for Math Olympiad, ISI & CMI Entrance, and other math contests. Watch and Learn!

Here goes the question…

Given ABCD is a quadrilateral and P and Q are 2 points on AB and CD respectively, such that AP/AB = CQ/CD. Show that: in the figure below, the area of the green part = the white part.

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Tags carpet theorem, geometry 1, isi entrance problem, Math Olympiad, problem solving, vectors, video solution

Algebra Math Olympiad PRMO USA Math Olympiad

Value of Sum | PRMO – 2018 | Question 16

Post author By KOUSHIK SOM
Post date October 16, 2020
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Try this beautiful Problem based on Value of Sum from PRMO 2018, Question 16.

Value of Sum – PRMO 2018, Question 16

What is the value of $\sum_{1 \leq i<j \leq 10 \atop i+j=\text { odd }}(i-j)-\sum_{1 \leq i<j \leq 10 \atop i+j=\text { even }}(i-j) ?$

$50$
$53$
$55$
$59$
$65$

Key Concepts

Odd-Even

Sum

integer

Check the Answer

But try the problem first…

Answer:$55$

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PRMO-2018, Problem 16

Pre College Mathematics

Try with Hints

First hint

We have to find out the sum . Now substitite $i=1,2,3…9$ and observe the all odd-even cases……

Can you now finish the problem ……….

Second Hint

$i=1 \Rightarrow$$ 1+(2+4+6+8+10-3-5-7-9)$
$=1-4+10=7$
$i=2 \Rightarrow $$0 \times 2+(3+5+7+9-4-6-8-10)$
$=-4$

$i=3 \Rightarrow$$ 1 \times 3+(4+6+8+10-5-7-9)$
$=3-3+10=10$
$i=4 \Rightarrow$$ 0 \times 4+(5+7+9-6-8-10)=-3$
$i=5 \Rightarrow $$1 \times 5+(6+8+10-7-9)=5-2+10$
$=13$
$i=6 \Rightarrow$$ 0 \times 6+(7+9-8-10)=-2$
$i=7 \Rightarrow $$1 \times 7+(8+10-9)=7-1+10=16$
$i=8 \Rightarrow$$ 0 \times 8+(9-10)=-1$
$i=9 \Rightarrow$$ 1 \times 9+(10)=19$

Can you finish the problem……..

Final Step

Therefore $ S =(7+10+13+16+19)$-$(4-3-2-1)$ =$55 $

Good numbers Problem | PRMO-2018 | Question 22

Post author By KOUSHIK SOM
Post date October 10, 2020
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Try this beautiful good numbers problem from Number theory from PRMO 2018, Question 22.

Good numbers Problem – PRMO 2018, Question 22

A positive integer $k$ is said to be good if there exists a partition of ${1,2,3, \ldots, 20}$ into disjoint proper subsets such that the sum of the numbers in each subset of the partition is $k$. How many good numbers are there?

$4$
$6$
$8$
$10$
$2$

Key Concepts

Number theorm

good numbers

subset

Check the Answer

But try the problem first…

Answer:$6$

Source

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PRMO-2018, Problem 22

Pre College Mathematics

Try with Hints

First hint

What is good numbers ?

A good number is a number in which every digit is larger than the sum of digits of its right (all less significant bits than it). For example, 732 is a good number, $7>3+2$ and $3>2$ .

Given that $k$ is said to be good if there exists a partition of ${1,2,3, \ldots, 20}$ into disjoint proper subsets such that the sum of the numbers in each subset of the partition is $k$. Now at first we have to find out sum of these integers ${1,2,3, \ldots, 20}$. Later create some partitions such that two partitions be disjoint set and sum of the numbers of these partitions be good numbers

Can you now finish the problem ……….

Second Hint

Sum of numbers equals to $\frac{20 \times 21}{2}=210 \& 210=2 \times 3 \times 5 \times 7$

So $\mathrm{K}$ can be 21,30,35,47,70,105

Can you finish the problem……..

Final Step

Case 1 :

$\mathrm{A}=\{1,2,3,4,5,16,17,18,19,20\}$, $\mathrm{B}=\{6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15\}$

Case 2 :

$A=\{20,19,18,13\}$, $B=\{17,16,15,12,10\}$, $C=\{1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,11,14\}$

Case 3 :

$\mathrm{A}=\{20,10,12\}$, $\mathrm{B}=\{18,11,13\}$, $\mathrm{C}=\{16,15,9,2\}$, $\mathrm{D}=\{19,8,7,5,3\}$, $\mathrm{E}=\{1,4,6,14,17\}$

Case 4 :

$A=\{20,10\}, B=\{19,11\}$,$ C=\{18,12\}, D=\{17,13\}$,$ E=\{16,14\}$, $F=\{1,15,5\},$
$G=\{2,3,4,6,7,8\}$

Case 5 :

$A=\{20,15\}$, $B=\{19,16\}$, $C=\{18,17\}$, $D=\{14,13,8\}$, $E=\{12,11,10,2\},$
$F=\{1,3,4,5,6,7,9\}$

Case 6 :

$A=\{1,20\}$,$ B=\{2,19\}$, $C=\{3,18\} \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots$, $J=\{10,11\}$

Therefore Good numbers equal to $6$

Polynomial Problem | PRMO-2018 | Question 30

Post author By KOUSHIK SOM
Post date October 8, 2020
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Try this beautiful Polynomial Problem from Number theorm from PRMO 2018, Question 30.

Polynomial Problem – PRMO 2018, Question 30

Let $P(x)=a_{0}+a_{1} x+a_{2} x^{2}+\ldots .+a_{n} x^{n}$ be a polynomial in which $a_{i}$ is non-negative integer for each $\mathrm{i} \in{0,1,2,3, \ldots, \mathrm{n}} .$ If $\mathrm{P}(1)=4$ and $\mathrm{P}(5)=136,$ what is the value of $\mathrm{P}(3) ?$

$30$
$34$
$36$
$39$
$42$

Key Concepts

Number theorm

Polynomial

integer

Check the Answer

But try the problem first…

Answer:$34$

Source

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PRMO-2018, Problem 30

Pre College Mathematics

Try with Hints

First hint

Given that $P(x)=a_{0}+a_{1} x+a_{2} x^{2}+\ldots .+a_{n} x^{n}$ where $\mathrm{P}(1)=4$ and $\mathrm{P}(5)=136$. Now we have to find out $P(3)$.

Therefore if we put $x=1$ and $x=5$ then we will get two relations . Using these relations we can find out $a_0$ , $a_1$, $a_2$ .

Can you now finish the problem ……….

Second Hint

$a_{0}+a_{1}+a_{2}+\ldots \ldots+a_{n}=4$
$\Rightarrow a_{i} \leq 4$
$a_{0}+5 a_{1}+5^{2} a_{2}+\ldots+a 5^{n} a_{n}=136$
$\Rightarrow a_{0}=1+5 \lambda \Rightarrow a_{0}=1$

Can you finish the problem……..

Final Step

Hence $5 a_{1}+5^{2} a_{2}+\ldots \ldots+5^{n} a_{n}=135$
$a_{1}+5 a_{2}+\ldots 5^{n-1} a_{n-1}=27$
$\Rightarrow a_{1}=5 \lambda+2 \Rightarrow a_{1}=2$
$\Rightarrow 5 a_{2}+\ldots .5^{n-1} a_{n-1}=25$
$a_{2}+5 a_{3}+\ldots .5^{n-2} a_{n-2}=5$
$\Rightarrow a_{2}=5 \lambda \Rightarrow a_{2}=0$
$a_{3}+5 a_{4}+\ldots \ldots \ldots+5^{n-3} a_{n-3}=1$
$a_{3}=1$
$\Rightarrow a_{4}+5 a_{5}+\ldots .+5^{n-4} a_{n-3}=0$
$a_{4}=a_{5}=\ldots . a_{n}=0$
Hence $P(n)=x^{3}+2 x+1$
$P(3)=34$

Digits Problem | PRMO – 2018 | Question 19

Post author By KOUSHIK SOM
Post date October 6, 2020
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Try this beautiful Digits Problem from Number theorm from PRMO 2018, Question 19.

Digits Problem – PRMO 2018, Question 19

Let $N=6+66+666+\ldots \ldots+666 \ldots .66,$ where there are hundred 6 ‘s in the last term in the sum. How many times does the digit 7 occur in the number $N ?$

$30$
$33$
$36$
$39$
$42$

Key Concepts

Number theorm

Digits Problem

integer

Check the Answer

But try the problem first…

Answer:$33$

Source

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PRMO-2018, Problem 19

Pre College Mathematics

Try with Hints

First hint

Given that $\mathrm{N}=6+66+666+……. \underbrace{6666 …..66}_{100 \text { times }}$

If you notice then we can see there are so many large terms. but we have to find out the sum of the digits. but since the number of digits are large so we can not calculate so eassily . we have to find out a symmetry or arrange the number so that we can use any formula taht we can calculate so eassily. if we multiply $\frac{6}{9}$ then it becomes $=\frac{6}{9}[9+99+\ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots+\underbrace{999 \ldots \ldots \ldots .99}_{100 \text { times }}]$

Can you now finish the problem ……….

Second Hint

$\mathrm{N}=\frac{6}{9}[9+99+\ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots+\underbrace{999 \ldots \ldots \ldots .99}_{100 \text { times }}]$
$=\frac{6}{9}\left[(10-1)+\left(10^{2}-1\right)+…….+\left(10^{100}-1\right)\right]$
$=\frac{6}{9}\left[\left(10+10^{2}+…..+10^{100}\right)-100\right]$

Can you finish the problem……..

Final Step

$=\frac{6}{9}\left[\left(10^{2}+10^{3}+\ldots \ldots \ldots+10^{100}\right)-90\right]$
$=\frac{6}{9}\left(10^{2} \frac{\left(10^{99}-1\right)}{9}\right)-60$
$=\frac{200}{27}\left(10^{99}-1\right)-60$
$=\frac{200}{27}\underbrace{(999….99)}_{99 \text{times}}-60$
$=\frac{1}{3}\underbrace{(222…..200)}_{99 \mathrm{times}}-60$

$=\underbrace{740740 \ldots \ldots .7400-60}_{740 \text { comes } 33 \text { times }}$ $=\underbrace{740740 \ldots \ldots .740}_{32 \text { times }}+340$
$\Rightarrow 7$ comes 33 times

Area of the Trapezium | PRMO-2017 | Question 30

Post author By KOUSHIK SOM
Post date August 5, 2020
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Try this beautiful Problem from Geometry based on Area of the Trapezium from PRMO 2017.

Area of the Trapezium – PRMO 2017, Problem 30

Consider the areas of the four triangles obtained by drawing the diagonals $\mathrm{AC}$ and $\mathrm{BD}$ of a trapezium ABCD. The product of these areas, taken two at time, are computed. If among the six products so obtained, two products are 1296 and 576 , determine the square root of the maximum possible area of the trapezium to the nearest integer.

$9$
$40$
$13$
$20$

Key Concepts

Geometry

Triangle

Trapezium

Check the Answer

But try the problem first…

Answer:$13$

Source

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PRMO-2017, Problem 30

Pre College Mathematics

Try with Hints

First hint

Let $x, y, z, w$ be areas of the four triangles as shown in figure.
then area of $\triangle ADB$= Area of $\triangle ACB$
$\Rightarrow x+y=x+w \Rightarrow y=w$

Also $\frac{AE}{EC}$=$\frac{area of \triangle ADE}{area of \triangle DEF}$=$\frac{area of \triangle AEB}{area of \triangle BEC}$
$\Rightarrow \frac{y}{z}=\frac{x}{w}=\frac{x}{y} \Rightarrow y^{2}=z x$
$\Rightarrow z, y, x$ are in G.P.

Can you now finish the problem ……….

Second Hint

Let $y=z r$ and $x=z r^{2},$ where $r \geq 1$ To make area of trapezium ABCD maximum, we take $z y=z^{2} r=576$
and $y w=z^{2} r^{2}=1296$
As $( z \leq y \leq x)$
Therefore $ \frac{z^{2} r^{2}}{z^{2} r}=\frac{1296}{576} \Rightarrow r=\frac{9}{4} \Rightarrow z=16$

Can you finish the problem……..

Final Step

Therefore area of trapezium $\mathrm{ABCD}$
$=x+y+z+w=z r^{2}+2 z r+z$
$=z(1+r)^{2}=16\left(1+\frac{9}{4}\right)^{2}=13^{2}$
Therefore Answer is $13 .$

Problem on Circle and Triangle | AMC 10A, 2016 | Problem 21

Post author By KOUSHIK SOM
Post date August 4, 2020
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Try this beautiful problem from Geometry: Problem on Circle and Triangle

Problem on Circle and Triangle – AMC-10A, 2016- Question 21

Circles with centers $P, Q$ and $R,$ having radii 1,2 and 3 , respectively, lie on the same side of line $l$ and are tangent to $l$ at $P^{\prime}, Q^{\prime}$ and $R^{\prime}$ respectively, with $Q^{\prime}$ between $P^{\prime}$ and $R^{\prime}$. The circle with center $Q$ is externally tangent to each of the other two circles. What is the area of triangle $P Q R ?$

$0$
$\sqrt{6} / 3$
$1$
$\sqrt{6}-\sqrt{2}$
$\sqrt{6} / 2$

Key Concepts

Geometry

Circle

Triangle

Check the Answer

But try the problem first…

Answer: $\sqrt{6}-\sqrt{2}$

Source

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AMC-10A (2016) Problem 21

Pre College Mathematics

Try with Hints

First hint

We have to find out area of the Triangle PQR. But PQR is not a Standard Triangle that we can find out eassily. Join $PP^{\prime}$, $QQ^{\prime}$, $RR^{\prime}$. Now we can find out PQR such that $\left[P^{\prime} P Q R R^{\prime}\right]$ in two different ways: $\left[P^{\prime} P Q Q^{\prime}\right]+\left[Q^{\prime} Q R R^{\prime}\right]$ and $[P Q R]+\left[P^{\prime} P R R^{\prime}\right]$, so $\left[P^{\prime} P Q Q^{\prime}\right]+\left[Q^{\prime} Q R R^{\prime}\right]=[P Q R]+\left[P^{\prime} P R R^{\prime}\right]$

Can you now finish the problem ……….

Second Hint

$P^{\prime} Q^{\prime}=\sqrt{P Q^{2}-\left(Q Q^{\prime}-P P^{\prime}\right)^{2}}=\sqrt{9-1}=\sqrt{8}=2 \sqrt{2}$

$Q^{\prime} R^{\prime}=\sqrt{Q R^{2}-\left(R R^{\prime}-Q Q^{\prime}\right)^{2}}=\sqrt{5^{2}-1^{2}}=\sqrt{24}=2 \sqrt{6}$

$\left[P^{\prime} P Q Q^{\prime}\right]=\frac{P^{\prime} P+Q^{\prime} Q}{2} * 2 \sqrt{2}=\frac{1+2}{2} * 2 \sqrt{2}=3 \sqrt{2}$

$\left[Q^{\prime} Q R R^{\prime}\right]=5 \sqrt{6}$

$\left[P^{\prime} P R R^{\prime}\right]$ = $P^{\prime} R^{\prime}=P^{\prime} Q^{\prime}+Q^{\prime} R^{\prime}=2 \sqrt{2}+2 \sqrt{6}$

$\left[P^{\prime} P R R^{\prime}\right]=4 \sqrt{2}+4 \sqrt{6}$

$\left[P^{\prime} P Q Q^{\prime}\right]+\left[Q^{\prime} Q R R^{\prime}\right]=[P Q R]+\left[P^{\prime} P R R^{\prime}\right]$

$3 \sqrt{2}+5 \sqrt{6}=4 \sqrt{2}+4 \sqrt{6}+[P Q R]$

$[P Q R]=\sqrt{6}-\sqrt{2}$

Least Possible Value Problem | AMC-10A, 2019 | Quesstion19

Post author By KOUSHIK SOM
Post date August 2, 2020
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Try this beautiful problem from Algebra based on Least Possible Value.

Least Possible Value – AMC-10A, 2019- Problem 19

What is the least possible value of $((x+1)(x+2)(x+3)(x+4)+2019)$

where (x) is a real number?

$(2024)$
$(2018)$
$(2020)$

Key Concepts

Algebra

quadratic equation

least value

Check the Answer

But try the problem first…

Answer: $(2018)$

Source

Suggested Reading

AMC-10A (2019) Problem 19

Pre College Mathematics

Try with Hints

First hint

To find out the least positive value of $(x+1)(x+2)(x+3)(x+4)+2019$, at first we have to expand the expression .$((x+1)(x+2)(x+3)(x+4)+2019)$ $\Rightarrow (x+1)(x+4)(x+2)(x+3)+2019=(x^2+5x+4)(x^2+5x+6)+2019)$

Let us take $((x^2+5x+5=m))$

then the above expression becomes $((m-1)(m+1)+2019)$ $\Rightarrow m^2-1+2019$ $\Rightarrow m^2+2018$

Can you now finish the problem ……….

Second Hint

Clearly in $(m^2+2018)…….(m^2)$ is positive ( squares of any number is non-negative) and least value is 0

can you finish the problem……..

Final Step

Therefore minimum value of $m^2+2108$ is $2018$ since $m^2 \geq 0$ for all m belongs to real .

Graph Coordinates | AMC 10A, 2015 | Question 12

Post author By KOUSHIK SOM
Post date July 14, 2020
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Try this beautiful Problem on Graph Coordinates from coordinate geometry from AMC 10A, 2015.

Graph Coordinates – AMC-10A, 2015- Problem 12

Points $(\sqrt{\pi}, a)$ and $(\sqrt{\pi}, b)$ are distinct points on the graph of $y^{2}+x^{4}=2 x^{2} y+1 .$ What is $|a-b| ?$

$0$
$1$
$2$
$3$
$4$

Key Concepts

Co-ordinate geometry

graph

Distance Formula

Check the Answer

But try the problem first…

Answer: $2$

Source

Suggested Reading

AMC-10A (2015) Problem 12

Pre College Mathematics

Try with Hints

First hint

The given points are $(\sqrt{\pi}, a)$ and $(\sqrt{\pi}, b)$ which are satisfying the equation $y^{2}+x^{4}=2 x^{2} y+1$.

So we can write $y^{2}+\sqrt{\pi}^{4}=2 \sqrt{\pi}^{2} y+1$

Can you now finish the problem ……….

Second Hint

Therefore

$y^{2}+\pi^{2}=2 \pi y+1$
$y^{2}-2 \pi y+\pi^{2}=1$
$(y-\pi)^{2}=1$
$y-\pi=\pm 1$
$y=\pi+1$
$y=\pi-1$

can you finish the problem……..

Third Hint:

There are only two solutions to the equation, so one of them is the value of $a$ and the other is $b$. our requirement is $|a-b|$ so between a and b which is greater is not importent…………

So, $|(\pi+1)-(\pi-1)|=2$

Positive Integer | PRMO-2017 | Question 1

Post author By KOUSHIK SOM
Post date July 11, 2020
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Try this beautiful Positive Integer Problem from Algebra from PRMO 2017, Question 1.

Positive Integer – PRMO 2017, Question 1

How many positive integers less than 1000 have the property that the sum of the digits of each such number is divisible by 7 and the number itself is divisible by $3 ?$

$9$
$7$
$28$

Key Concepts

Algebra

Equation

multiplication

Check the Answer

But try the problem first…

Answer:$28$

Source

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PRMO-2017, Problem 1

Pre College Mathematics

Try with Hints

First hint

Let $n$ be the positive integer less than 1000 and $s$ be the sum of its digits, then $3 \mid n$ and $7 \mid s$
$3|n \Rightarrow 3| s$
therefore$21| s$

Can you now finish the problem ……….

Second Hint

Also $n<1000 \Rightarrow s \leq 27$
therefore $\mathrm{s}=21$
Clearly, n must be a 3 digit number Let $x_{1}, x_{2}, x_{3}$ be the digits, then $x_{1}+x_{2}+x_{3}=21$
where $1 \leq x_{1} \leq 9,0 \leq x_{2}, x_{3} \leq 9$
$\Rightarrow x_{2}+x_{3}=21-x_{1} \leq 18$
$\Rightarrow x_{1} \geq 3$

Can you finish the problem……..

Final Step

For $x_{1}=3,4, \ldots ., 9,$ the equation (1) has $1,2,3, \ldots ., 7$ solutions
therefore total possible solution of equation (1)

=$1+2+\ldots+7=\frac{7 \times 8}{2}=28$

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Value of Sum – PRMO 2018, Question 16

Key Concepts

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Good numbers Problem – PRMO 2018, Question 22

Key Concepts

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Polynomial Problem – PRMO 2018, Question 30

Key Concepts

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Digits Problem – PRMO 2018, Question 19

Key Concepts

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Area of the Trapezium – PRMO 2017, Problem 30

Key Concepts

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Problem on Circle and Triangle – AMC-10A, 2016- Question 21

Key Concepts

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Least Possible Value – AMC-10A, 2019- Problem 19

Key Concepts

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Graph Coordinates – AMC-10A, 2015- Problem 12

Key Concepts

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Positive Integer – PRMO 2017, Question 1

Key Concepts

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