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# How to Pursue Mathematics after High School?

For Students who are passionate for Mathematics and want to pursue it for higher studies in India and abroad.

This problem based on Cumulative Distributive Function gives a detailed solution to ISI M.Stat 2019 PSB Problem 6, with a tinge of simulation and code.

## Problem

Suppose $X_{1}, X_{2}, \ldots, X_{n}$ is a random sample from Uniform$(0, \theta)$ for some unknown $\theta>0$. Let $Y_{n}$ be the minimum of $X_{1}, X_{2}, \ldots, X_{n}$.
(a) Suppose $F_{n}$ is the cumulative distribution function (c.d.f.) of $n Y_{n}$.
Show that for any real $x, F_{n}(x)$ converges to $F(x)$, where $F$ is the c.d.f. of an exponential distribution with mean $\theta$.
(b) Find $\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty} \mathrm{P}\left(n\left[Y_{n}\right]=k\right)$ for $k=0,1,2, \ldots,$ where $[x]$ denotes the largest integer less than or equal to $x$.

## Solution

#### Distribution of $Y_{n} = X_{(1), n}$

$F_{Y_n}(x) = 1 - (1-\frac{x}{\theta})^{n}$ from the results of the order statistics

Now, let's compute $F_n(x)$.

$F_{n}(x) = \text{Pr}\left(nY_{n} \leq x\right) = \text{Pr}\left(Y_{n} \leq \frac{x}{n}\right) = 1 - (1-\frac{x}{ \theta n})^{n}$.

Observe that $F_{n}(0) = 0$. We will need it in the second part.

So, $\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty}F_{n}(x) = 1 - \lim_{n \rightarrow \infty} (1-\frac{x}{\theta n})^{n} = 1 - e^{- \frac{x}{\theta}} = F(x) = F_{Y}(x)$, where $Y$ ~ exp(mean $\theta$).

Let's add a computing dimension to it, we will verify the result using simulation.

Let's take $\theta = 2$.

• Generate $X_{1}, X_{2}, \ldots, X_{n}$ is a random sample from Uniform$(0, \theta)$. n = 100000.
• Select $Y_n = X_{(1)}$. Calculate $nY_n$.
• Repeat this process k = 1000 times.
• Plot the histogram.
• Plot and match with exp(mean $\theta$).
v = NULL
for (i in 1:100000) {
r  = runif(100, 0, 2)
m = 100*min(r)
v = c(v,m)
}
hist(v, freq = FALSE)
x = seq(0, 10, 0.0001)
curve(dexp(x, 0.5), from = 0, col = "red", add = TRUE)
require(vcd)
require(MASS)
#Fitting the data with exponential distribution
fit <- fitdistr(v, "exponential")
fit
# rate = 0.504180128 ( which is close to 0.5 = the actual rate)

The following is the diagram.

We need to compute this $\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty} \mathrm{P}\left(n\left[Y_{n}\right]=k\right)$

So, observe that for any fixed $k \in \mathbb{N},$ , $\forall n > k, [Y_n] = k/n \notin \mathbb{Z}$.

Hence, $\mathrm{P}\left(n\left[Y_{n}\right]=k\right) = 0$ . Hence, for k > 0, $\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty} \mathrm{P}\left(n\left[Y_{n}\right]=k\right) = 0$.

Let's compute separately for k = 0.

$\mathrm{P}\left(n\left[Y_{n}\right]=0 \right) = \mathrm{P}([Y_{n}]=0) = \mathrm{P}( 0 \leq Y_{n} < 1) = \mathrm{P}( 0 \leq nY_{n} < n) = F_n(n)$.

$\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty} \mathrm{P}\left(n\left[Y_{n}\right]=0 \right) = \lim_{n \rightarrow \infty} F_n(n) = F(\infty) = 1$ .

Thus, this problem is just an application of the first part.

## What to do to shape your Career in Mathematics after 12th?

From the video below, let's learn from Dr. Ashani Dasgupta (a Ph.D. in Mathematics from the University of Milwaukee-Wisconsin and Founder-Faculty of Cheenta) how you can shape your career in Mathematics and pursue it after 12th in India and Abroad. These are some of the key questions that we are discussing here:

• What are some of the best colleges for Mathematics that you can aim to apply for after high school?
• How can you strategically opt for less known colleges and prepare yourself for the best universities in India or Abroad for your Masters or Ph.D. Programs?
• What are the best universities for MS, MMath, and Ph.D. Programs in India?
• What topics in Mathematics are really needed to crack some great Masters or Ph.D. level entrances?
• How can you pursue a Ph.D. in Mathematics outside India?
• What are the 5 ways Cheenta can help you to pursue Higher Mathematics in India and abroad?

## Want to Explore Advanced Mathematics at Cheenta?

Cheenta has taken an initiative of helping College and High School Passout Students with its "Open Seminars" and "Open for all Math Camps". These events are extremely useful for students who are really passionate for Mathematic and want to pursue their career in it.

To Explore and Experience Advanced Mathematics at Cheenta

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