How 9 Cheenta students ranked in top 100 in ISI and CMI Entrances?

# Understand the problem

[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version="3.27.4" text_font="Raleway||||||||" background_color="#f4f4f4" custom_margin="10px||10px" custom_padding="10px|20px|10px|20px" box_shadow_style="preset2"]Let a, b, c $\in \mathbb{R}$  Which of the following values of a ,b, c do NOT result in the convergence of the series  $\sum_{n=3}^{\infty} \frac{a^{n}}{n^{b} (log_en)^{c}}$ (a) $|a|<1 , b \in \mathbb{R} , c \in \mathbb{R}$ (b) $a=1 , b>1 , c \in \mathbb{R}$ (c) $a=1 , b \leq 1 , c<1$ (d) $a=-1 , b \geq , c>0$

[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version="3.25"][et_pb_column type="4_4" _builder_version="3.25" custom_padding="|||" custom_padding__hover="|||"][et_pb_accordion open_toggle_text_color="#0c71c3" _builder_version="4.1" toggle_font="||||||||" body_font="Raleway||||||||" text_orientation="center" custom_margin="10px||10px"][et_pb_accordion_item title="Source of the problem" open="on" _builder_version="4.1"]IIT JAM 2018 Problem 12 [/et_pb_accordion_item][et_pb_accordion_item title="Topic" _builder_version="4.1" open="off"]Convergence of a seris [/et_pb_accordion_item][et_pb_accordion_item title="Difficulty Level" _builder_version="4.1" open="off"]Easy[/et_pb_accordion_item][et_pb_accordion_item title="Suggested Book" _builder_version="4.1" open="off"]Real Analysis By S.K Mapa[/et_pb_accordion_item][/et_pb_accordion][et_pb_text _builder_version="4.1" text_font="Raleway|300|||||||" text_text_color="#ffffff" header_font="Raleway|300|||||||" header_text_color="#e2e2e2" background_color="#8300e9" custom_margin="48px||48px" custom_padding="20px|20px|20px|20px" border_radii="on|5px|5px|5px|5px" box_shadow_style="preset3"]

[/et_pb_text][et_pb_tabs active_tab_background_color="#0c71c3" inactive_tab_background_color="#000000" _builder_version="4.1" tab_text_color="#ffffff" tab_font="||||||||" background_color="#ffffff"][et_pb_tab title="Hint 0" _builder_version="4.1"]Do you really need a hint? Try it first!

[/et_pb_tab][et_pb_tab title="Hint 1" _builder_version="4.1"] One disclaimer: In this question you will  see that for some option the series is clearly convergent and for some option it might be convergent and might not be. So the question wordings are not very clear. Now having that disclaimer, what we have to find is the options where we have the series might be or might not be convergent. I want to end this hint here to  give you a bit more room to search. Look for Leibnitz rule for alternating series.[ In mathematics Leibnitz's test states that if ${u_n}$ be a monotone decreasing sequence of positive real numbers and lim $u_n = 0$ , then the alternating series $u_1 - u_2 + u_3 - u_4 + ...........$ is convergent.][/et_pb_tab][et_pb_tab title="Hint 2" _builder_version="4.1"] $\sum_{n=3}^{\infty} \frac{a^{n}}{n^{b} (log_e^{n})^{c}}$ Let us talk about option D first $a=-1, b \geq 0 , c<0$ $\sum_{n=3}^{\infty} \frac{(-1)^{n}}{n^{b}(ln^{n})^{c}}$  where $\frac{1}{n^{b}(ln n)^{c}} \longrightarrow 0$ as $n \longrightarrow \infty$ Hence the series is convergence in this case. So option D is rejected. Now look for the other option and see Cauchy condensation test. (For a non increasing sequence $f(n)$ of non-negative real numbers, the series $\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} f(n)$ converges if and only if the "condensed series" $\sum_{n=0}^{\infty} 2^{n} f(2^{n})$ converges.Moreover if they converge,the sum of the condensed series is no more than twice as large of the sum as original) and D’ Alembert’s test( Let $\sum u_n$ be a series of positive real numbers and let $lim \frac{u_n +1}{u_n} = l$ Then $\sum u_n$ is convegent if $l<1$ , $\sum u_n$ is divergent if $l>1$.[/et_pb_tab][et_pb_tab title="Hint 3" _builder_version="4.1"]Moving on to option c $a=1 , b \geq 0 , c<1$ $\sum_{n=3}^{\infty} \frac{1}{n^{b} (log_{e}^{n})^{c}} := S$(say) Observe if we have $c=b=\frac{1}{3}$ thus $S = \sum_{n=3}^{\infty} \frac{1}{n^{\frac{1}{3}} (log_{e}^{n})^{\frac{1}{3}}} > \sum_{n=3}^{\infty} \frac{1}{n^{\frac{2}{3}}} \longrightarrow \infty$ So, by comparison test(Let $\sum u_n$ and $\sum v_n$ be two series of positive real numbers and there is a natural number m such that $u_n \leq kv_n$ for all $n \geq m,k$ being a fixed positive number. Then (i)   $\sum u_n$ is convergent if $\sum v_n$ is convergent.  we have S is divergent. (ii) $\sum u_n$ is divergent if $\sum u_n$ is divergent.) Now the question is: Can we get some point where the series is convergent? The first bet would be making $b>1$ say $b=2$ and make $c$ smaller  Let $c= \frac{1}{2}$ Thus $S= \sum_{n=3}^{\infty} \frac{1}{n^{2} (log_{e}^{n})^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ Here $\sum_{n=3}^{\infty} \frac{1}{n^{2} (log n)^{\frac{1}{2}}} < \sum \frac{1}{n^{2}} < \infty$ So, $S$ is convergent and c is one correct answer. Look for the others.[/et_pb_tab][et_pb_tab title="Hint 4" _builder_version="4.1"]Option b $a=1,b>1,c \in \mathbb{R}$ $S=\sum_{n=3}^{\infty} \frac{1}{n^{b}(ln n)^{c}}$ If $c=2$ clearly by comparison test $S$ will be convergent  Now the question is that, can we find one example such that the series will be divergent? Observe that, if $c \geq 0$ then as $b>1$ we will get that the series is convergent. What will happen if $c<0$  Here Cauchy Condensation test comes into play  Consider $a=2>1$ thus $\sum_{n=3}^{\infty} \frac{2^{n}}{(2^{n})^{b} (ln 2^{n})^{c}} =\sum_{n=3}^{\infty} \frac{{2^{n}}^{1-b}} {n^{c} (ln 2)^{c}} =\frac{1}{(ln 2)^{c}} \sum_{n=3}^{\infty} \frac{1}{(2^{b-1})^{n} n^{c}}$ Now we have to use D’ Alembert’s Ratio test : Consider $a_n = \frac{1}{(2^{b-1})^{n} n^{c}}$ Thus $\frac{a_{n+1}}{a_n} = \frac{(2^{b-1})^{n} n^{c}}{(2^{b-1})^{n+1} (n+1)^{c}} \longrightarrow \frac{1}{2^{b-1}} < 1$ Hence the series is convergent and so the series is convergent for any value of $c$ and here the series is convergent always and that is why option b is not correct.[/et_pb_tab][et_pb_tab title="Hint 5" _builder_version="4.1"]option a) $|a| < 1, b \in \mathbb{R} , c \in \mathbb{R}$ Here if we consider $a<0 , b<0 , c<0$ The series is convergent by Leibnitz test . So, the question is whether we can find out some values of $a,b,c$ such that the series will be divergent. Consider $a_n = \frac{a^{n}}{n^{b} (\log_e n )^{c}}$ $\frac{a_{n+1}}{a_n} = \frac{a}{(1+ \frac{1}{n})^{b} (\frac{(log{n+1}}{log{n})}^{c}}$  Now we know that  $\frac{n+1}{n} \longrightarrow 1$ We have to think about $\frac{\log(n+1)}{\log n}$ Let us consider $\lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{\log(x+1)}{\log(x)}=\lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{\frac{1}{x+1}}{\frac{1}{x}}=\lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{x}{x+1}=1$[using L'Hopital's rule which states that for function f and g which are differentiable on an open interval I except possibly at a point c contained in I if  ${\lim}_{x \to c} f(x) = {\lim}_{x \to c} g(x) = 0$ or $-\infty , +\infty , g'(x) \neq 0$ for all x in I with $x \neq c$ and ${\lim}_{x \to c} \frac{f'(x)}{g'(x)}$ exist then ${\lim}_{x \to c} \frac{f(x)}{g(x)} = {\lim} \frac{f'(x)}{g'(x)}$  ] So, $\frac{\log(n+1)}{\log n} \to 1$ And hence $\lim{n \to \infty} |\frac{a_{n+1}}{a_n}|=|a|<1$. So,the series is convergent $\forall |a|<1,b,c \in \mathbb{R}$Hence c. is the only correct answer.[/et_pb_tab][/et_pb_tabs][et_pb_text _builder_version="4.1" text_font="Raleway|300|||||||" text_text_color="#ffffff" header_font="Raleway|300|||||||" header_text_color="#e2e2e2" background_color="#e06100" custom_margin="48px||48px" custom_padding="20px|20px|20px|20px" hover_enabled="0" border_radii="on|5px|5px|5px|5px" box_shadow_style="preset3"]

# Take A Look Into This Knowledge Graph

[/et_pb_text][et_pb_image src="https://www.cheenta.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Untitled-Diagram-8.png" _builder_version="4.1" hover_enabled="0" background_color="#ffffff" align="center"][/et_pb_image][et_pb_code _builder_version="3.26.4"]

# Similar Problems

[/et_pb_text][et_pb_post_slider include_categories="12" image_placement="left" _builder_version="4.1" background_color="#0c71c3" button_alignment="center"][/et_pb_post_slider][et_pb_divider _builder_version="3.22.4" background_color="#0c71c3"][/et_pb_divider][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]

# Knowledge Partner

Cheenta is a knowledge partner of Aditya Birla Education Academy

### Cheenta. Passion for Mathematics

Advanced Mathematical Science. Taught by olympians, researchers and true masters of the subject.
HALL OF FAMESUPER STARSBOSE OLYMPIADBLOG
CAREERTEAM
support@cheenta.com